Independence and impartiality in military justice systems: Comparative international standards

The article analyzes the international human rights standards applicable to military justice systems, especially in the matter of independence and impartiality of judges. The research de scribes, analyzes and compares the case law and commentaries of international human rights bodies. It focuses on four international and regional human rights subsystems: the Human Rights Committee of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. From a comparative approach, it is defined three independence and impartiality standards for military courts: the exclusion of civilians from the jurisdictional scope of military justice, the subject matter jurisdiction's restrictions and the determination of independence and impartiality guarantees in the military sphere.